How housing supply in Hong Kong can be increased without building more flats
Richard Wong says the hidden free lunch in Hong Kong’s housing market is the space that could be freed up if public housing renters and subsidised housing owners were allowed to lease out their flats
While attention has focused on taking steps to increase the housing supply, there is a more immediate measure that could be taken: lifting the regulatory barrier that prevents tenants in public ownership and rental flats from leasing or sub-leasing their flats.
My proposition may appear counter-intuitive, aiming as it does to address the housing shortage without increasing housing supply. But if we carefully think through the economics of housing allocation in Hong Kong, there is indeed a huge free lunch to be had.
Hong Kong’s public housing sector accommodates almost half the population. Two-thirds of residents in this sector live in public rental flats and one-third in subsidised home ownership flats.
Why is there such a huge gap between figures and facts? The answer lies in the degree of sharing per occupied flat. For privately owned flats, subsidised public owner flats and public renter flats, that degree was constant at one household per flat from 1971 to 2016.
Private owners can afford not to share with others, while the other two categories are not allowed to share except with approved and eligible family members.
This situation has left private rental flats to take up the slack of the housing shortage, which today is primarily in the form of subdivided flats. The degree of sharing in this sector increased to 1.16 in 2016, after falling from 2.18 in 1971 to 1.04 in 2006 – an increase that in fact reflects the misallocation and underutilisation of public housing flats, where flat sharing is disallowed.
Yet allowing public housing tenants to lease or sub-lease their flats, while still retaining a claim on it, could free up space and at the very least halt and reverse the subdivision of flats. It could also greatly improve the widespread mismatches of households and flats, for example, by allowing tenants to move closer to work or schools.
Leasing or sub-leasing could apply to groups such as elderly individuals who want to move in with their children and grandchildren, relocate to the mainland or migrate overseas. In 2016, elderly households (those 65 years old or above) in public housing numbered 356,000 and constituted 34.3 per cent of all public rental households and 25.2 per cent of all subsidised public owner households.
Quite a few of these households may be willing to move out of their public flat to pursue other plans if the Housing Authority allowed them to collect market rent and reclaim their flat if their situation changed in future – in other words, if their status as a public tenant did not have to be surrendered.
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It would be reasonable for public flat tenants who leased out their flats to pay “double rent” to the Housing Authority. Subsidised flat owners would pay “triple rent”. The net gain would help many elderly households obtain some modest additional income in their retirement.
My educated guess is that over perhaps five years, 100,000 public flats could be released onto the market. This would help stem the subdivision of private flats and provide an incentive for developers to stop supplying mini flats.
For 25 years, I have tried to explain why privatising public flats and allowing them to be freely traded on the open market would significantly increase gross domestic product per capita and create a more equitable distribution of economic income and wealth. So far, these ideas have not been taken up, but my years of research and contemplation on this issue have convinced me that this is the right course forward.
Creating a rental market for public flats falls far short of privatisation. But one should not let the pursuit of a perfect solution stand in the way of making progress towards the common good.
Richard Wong is professor of economics and Philip Wong Kennedy Wong Professor in political economy at the School of Economics and Finance at the University of Hong Kong